中埃水资源管理实践与分析

Practice and Analysis of Water Resources Management in China and Egypt

摘要:

水是文明存续发展的核心基础性资源,中国与埃及作为两大世界文明古国,均依托母亲河孕育璀璨文明,同时同属水资源短缺型发展中国家,水资源时空分布不均、供需矛盾突出是两国共同面临的发展痛点。本文采用对比分析法、文献研究法,梳理中埃两国水资源禀赋现状,追溯两国从古至今水资源管理历史沿革,剖析现代水资源管理实践中的优势与短板,对比两国水利工程建设、管理制度、节水技术、水生态治理等方面的差异化特征。研究表明,中国在跨流域调水、水利工程体系、法治化管控、综合治水理念方面优势显著,埃及在沙漠水资源开发、跨境河流管控探索、水价调控试点方面具备特色,但两国均存在农业用水效率偏低、非常规水资源利用率有待提升等共性问题。基于两国管理优劣对比,结合两国国情与水资源禀赋,提出针对性优化改进建议,为中埃两国深化水资源领域技术交流、经验互鉴提供参考,同时为全球缺水国家科学管控水资源,实现人水和谐发展提供借鉴。

Abstract:

Water constitutes a core fundamental resource for the survival and development of civilizations. As two major ancient world civilizations, China and Egypt, have nurtured splendid civilizations relying on their respective mother rivers. Both are developing countries confronted with water scarcity, and are plagued by prominent development challenges including uneven spatial and temporal distribution of water resources and sharp supply and demand contradictions. Adopting comparative analysis and literature research methods, this paper sorts out the current water resource endowments of China and Egypt, traces the historical evolution of water resources management in both countries from ancient times to the present, and analyzes the strengths and weaknesses in modern water resources management practices. It compares the differentiated features of the two countries in water project construction, management systems, water saving technologies and water ecological protection. The study reveals that China boasts remarkable advantages in inter basin water diversion, water engineering systems, law based regulation and integrated water management concept, while Egypt has distinctive experience in desert water resource exploitation, trans-boundary river management exploration and water price regulation pilots. Nevertheless, both countries are faced with common problems such as low agricultural water use efficiency and insufficient utilization rate of unconventional water resources. Based on the comparison of strengths and weaknesses of water resources management and combined with national conditions and water resource endowments, targeted optimization suggestions are put forward. The findings can provide references for China and Egypt to deepen technical exchanges and mutual learning in water resources sector, and offer insights for scientifically managing water resources and realizing harmonious human and water relations for countries with water scarce worldwide.